I can think of no book in recent times that has informed me more than Iain McGilchrist’s The Master and his Emissary.
McGilchrist is a British physician, scientist and philosopher. The Master and his Emissary is, first, an explanation in terms of scientific research of how the two hemispheres of the human brain know the world, and second, a discussion of the unique characteristics of the Western world in terms of increasing left-hemisphere dominance.
This is not one of those trivial left-brain right-brain books that stimulates party-time conversation; it is a far-reaching, humane, and profound exploration of some issues that are swept under the rug in most contemporary discourse.
McGilchrist is at pains to educate the reader as to the latest scientific findings on how the two hemispheres differ in their appreciation of the world, and how they collaborate to allow us to be fully human.
Our basic problem is appreciating the right hemisphere’s role is that the left hemisphere controls the narrative. It is the talker, the story teller, the glib confident salesman making the pitch. In essence, McGilchrist shows (because the research shows) that the left hemisphere does not know what it is talking about, that the intuitive, accepting, permitting, imitative, comprehending part of the brain is the right hemisphere, which comprehends things totally but which does not control the flow of talk.
McGilchrist is carrying the offensive to the neuroscientists who have denigrated the functions of the right hemisphere, which they have likened to the zombie. Not so, says McGilchrist, it is the left hemnisphere which acts like a zombie when detached from the intuitive wisdom of the right. Zombies are the personification of those whose right hemisphere functions have been shut down, and he says it is no accident that the idea of the zombie, the Frankenstein, emerges with the Enlightenment, with its singular emphasis on left-brained ways of knowing the world.
Today all the sources on intuitive life – cultural tradition, the natural world, the body, religion and art- have been so conceptualized, devitalized and “deconstructed” (ironized) by the world of words, mechanistic systems and theories constituted by the left hemisphere that there powers to help us see beyond the hermetic world that it has set up have been largely drained from them.
Notions of excessive left-hemisphere dominance have received popular expression in movies like The Matrix. The resonance of this movie was generated by the feeling that the world is not as it appears to be – to the right hemisphere says McGilchrist. The irruption of the right hemisphere into left-hemispheric consciousness is expressed by metaphors – such as by taking the blue pill. That is the only way to get around the censorship of the left hemisphere.
Other cultures, including our own in previous times, enjoyed a more relaxed relationship of the two hemispheres, so that symbolic communication between the hemispheres was not felt to threaten the analytic world view of the left.
I shall give you a flavour of the book’s power by the casual savaging McGilchrist gives to Richard Dawkins of the selfish meme fame.
A meme is said to be the replicator of cultural information that one mind transmits to another mind….ultimately and inevitably, including hte idea of God – the Dawkins delusion.This is a perfect example, incidentally, of the left hemisphere’s way of constructing its own history, not least in its way of breaking a culture into atomistic fragments devoid of context, as though snippets of behaviour, feeling or thinking – of experience in other words – stuck together in large enough numbers, constitute the world in which we live.”
Another merit of the book is his relatively brief, insightful treatment of Julian Jaynes’ The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976), one of the most fascinating books I have read. Jaynes said that the voices of the gods or God heard by all the characters of Homer and the earlier parts of the Bible, as well as the sacred literatures of other ancient faiths, were actually heard by them; they were not metaphors but communications between the brain’s hemispheres.
“His insight that there was a connection between the voices of the gods and changes in the mental world of those who heard them, that this might have something to do with the brain, and indeed that it concerned relations between the hemispheres, remains, in my view, fundamentally correct. However, I believe he got one aspect of the story back to front. His contention that the phenomena he decribes came about because of the breakdown of the bicameral mind – so that the two hemispheres previously separate, now merged – is the precise inverse of what happened. The phenomena came about because of a relative separation of the two chambers, the two hemispheres. Phenomna that wrere previously uncomplicatedly experienced as a part of a relatively unified consciousness now became alien.”
What is the take-away from McGilchrist’s book? The import of the book is that the western world is in a mental crisis caused by the over-dependence on left-hemisphere ways of knowing the world, and the delegitimization of religion, culture, intuitions, and other ways in which the silent right-hemisphere tries to rein in the left hemisphere and inform it of who it is really working for.
Do you recall the first Tron movie? The plot concerned “programs” inside computers fighting against the usurper who claimed that there are no users who dwelt outside the apparently self-sufficient world of the computer, that the programs worked only for the Master Program. You can interpret this tale as a metaphor that God exists outside the world, and that we programs are working for him. But McGilchrist invites you to consider that Tron can just as well be considered to be an intuition that the usurper is the left brain asserting that there is no right hemisphere.
Tron, the Matrix, and the Master and his Emissary: they are all on the same theme. McGilchrist expounds the neuroscience and philosophy which justify the insights of popular culture.