Andrew McLaughlin was the first employee of ICANN. He went on to be a policy counsel to Google and later served as the Obama White House’s first Chief Technology Officer. He spoke at the same ICANN conference in San Francisco as Ira Magaziner. He reminded us why the Internet became a success.
>>ANDREW McLAUGHLIN: Thank you very much. It’s been eight years
since I was at an ICANN meeting, and it feels really like I was just
here — oops — yesterday. It’s funny, I was thinking to myself that
I’ll always be grateful to ICANN for giving me my first opportunity
to really screw things up on a global scale.
[ Laughter ]
As I keep looking for new opportunities, though, it’s interesting
for me to go back and think about the early days of ICANN.
So what Rod asked me to do was from the perspective of somebody who
was arguably — and I say this arguably because Louie Touton
disagrees with me — arguably the first employee of ICANN. I got the
first paycheck, although Louie thinks that it was actually he who
signed the paycheck, so he counts, but anyway –
[ Laughter ]
– as the first employee of ICANN, to put the organization in
something of a broader context and in some ways to try to make a call
to action to this group today, rooted in the fundamental importance
of the work that you’re undertaking.
So a few remarks — whoa! That did not seem healthy!
[ Laughter ]
Here we go.
So a few remarks about ICANN from 1998 to 2011 and beyond. This is
a photograph taken of me at the Boston board meeting. See if you can
tell the difference between me in 1998 –
[ Laughter ]
That’s right. I’ve changed my glasses.
[ Laughter ]
I remember very fondly — and I dressed — thank you, Larry. Yes,
I dressed better then too.
[ Laughter ]
Of course the Internet in 1998 had much larger tubes, thanks to the
beauty’s of Moore’s law we’ve been able to reduce the size of our
tubes and make the Internet work better. We’ve alluded a little bit
today already to the staggering growth of the Internet and when you
look at a chart like this, it really gives you some sense of
appreciation. You know, really the early years of the Internet were
so marginal, really they were almost like rounding errors compared to
the amounts of traffic that are being carried globally today. It is
impressive to see — well, this really does not want to move. There
we go.
It’s impressive to see the growth. This is one of my favorite ways
of showing data. It’s called gap minder, and what you see here, each
circle represents a country, just to space them out a little bit I’ve
lined them up according to the human index development indicators and
if you play a time sequence starting in 1990 and moving up to the
present, you can start to see the rising tide that is lifting
basically all humans on the planet into a state of global
interconnectedness through the Internet.
As Bruce Sterling or William Gibson — I can’t remember — once
famously said, “The future is already here, it’s just not evenly
distributed yet,” this graph which really goes up only to 2007 shows
you that we are starting but in our adult lifetimes we will achieve
even distribution of the future in the form of Internet connectedness.
So — oops. Wow. There we go.
Looking ahead towards 2015, Cisco has put together its numbers for
the next five or six years, and if you think that the Internet is big
and impressive now, this is just — this is just a graphic. Mobile
data traffic is going to be jumping from about a quarter of an
exabyte up to six exabytes per month. Again, this is absolutely
staggering growth and shows you how fundamentally important the work
of the DNS and IP addressing systems is going to be. This sort of
breaks it down between smartphones and laptops and so forth, and
shows basically there’s going to be 92% consolidated annual growth in
Internet traffic in the next couple of years. That is a further
staggering increase in the amount of data traffic that the
organizations represented here in this room today are going to be
fundamentally important in delivering.
Now, what makes all of this possible, since we’re here in Silicon
Valley, we have to reflect on this — what makes all of this possible
is the prediction that Gordon Moore made in the 1960s that the amount
of computing that you could fit onto a given computer chip would
double every 18 to 24 months. To a quite surprising extent, that has
remained true. In fact, almost all linearly true. If you look at
the chip innovations and their ability to deliver computing power for
a given size and price of chip.
So what Moore’s law means, in a sense, is that computing is getting
ever cheaper, bandwidth is getting ever cheaper, and that means that
ever more people can communicate ever more amounts of data and
information and communications for the same — and indeed falling –
costs.
For example, if you look at the cost of a terabyte of data storage
in 1992, it would have cost you about $5 million and taken a couple
of racks of computers. You can now buy a terabyte of data storage
for $89 down the road at Frye’s and fit it on the corner of your
desk. That’s what Moore’s law means in practice.
If you apply the same principles to a car, a car –
[ Laughter ]
– that cost you $20,000 five years ago would cost you — the same
car — only $2500 today and five years from now it would cost you
about $350.
That’s if we had Moore’s law apply to the auto industry. And maybe
we will.
But for the Internet, what this means is that cheaper and faster
computing brings cheaper and faster Internet. Which means cheaper
and faster information and communications. Which means more
information and communications to and from more people. And there is
a geopolitical consequence to that. After all, what this means in
practice is that the Internet is democratizing and decentralizing
access to communications and information. As we all know,
information is power, and so the democratization of information
equals the democratization of the structures of power in a world
where information is power. So democratization brings disruption and
we’re seeing that unfold before us in so many different ways. In
data, in news, in culture, in politics. We see the democratization
of the tools to create information, to access information, to
distribute information are bringing what I believe to be a colossal
and very welcome shift in the culture of the planet that we live on,
which is to say that we are moving from what I hope will eventually
be seen as a kind of bizarre lacuna in human development in the 20th
century where human beings were essentially treated largely in media
and government and politics and so forth as passive consumers of
product, passive consumers of messages, as passive recipients of mass
broadcasts on TV, on radio, through newspapers, as recipients of
politicians’ messages to be driven home. And instead, we’re seeing
the ability, the cheapness, and the accessibility of low-cost
creation of information and the sending of communications around the
world is, in fact, enabling people to become active creators, active
creators of culture, active creators of parity, active creators of
news, active creators and activists in politics.
This is what’s unfolding around us right now, and in some — in a
large sense, it’s a function of Moore’s law.
If you think about the incredible amount of computing power that
each individual in this room has available to you for free, from
these companies like Amazon and Google and Facebook and Twitter and
so forth, they provide you for free staggering amounts of computing.
And human beings all across the planet are putting it to work.
They are using these so-called Web 2.0 services to change the way
that politics works, to spark revolutions and connect with each
other, to make weak ties strong in countries like Egypt and Tunisia
and across the Middle East today, and no doubt in many countries in
the future.
We see mentos and Diet Coke being turned into a business model. We
see incredibly annoying people get 15 minutes of fame sitting in
their bedrooms. But this is the power of the Internet is to make
this democratization and decentralization mean something and turn
into something.
Of course we have the problem that our borderless Internet
confronts bordered nations. This is not going to strange. The
struggle that Larry alluded to in his speech that we have to figure
out what the role of governments is and how they can enforce and
vindicate their legitimate values and national interests on a
borderless Internet that crosses every frontier that we’ve built and
allows people to connect to each other directly across the planet,
that is still a fundamental tension.
Turning then to ICANN for just a few minutes, let me say that I
share the previous speaker’s, you know, sense that this model which
might have been a debacle and a catastrophe and I did my best to make
it so has, in fact, proven its value. The multistakeholder model
that lies underneath ICANN has proven to be fundamentally important
and resilient in the face of these national bordered nations and the
challenges that they have presented and the interests that they’re
trying to vindicate.
The multistakeholder model requires sitting around the table
sharing ideas and so forth, and I think its importance is fundamental.
I’ve been thinking a lot about over the years many times I’ve been
thinking — found myself thinking about the profound wisdom that was
embodied in Jon Postel and his community’s decision to use the
ISO3166 table for the designate — for the determination of what is
and is not a country or geographically distinct territory, and
therefore, entitled to a two-level domain. If you think about it, in
the early days of the Internet, this was a potentially explosive,
extremely difficult, highly contentious issue. What is and is not a
country is the sort of thing that wars get fought over. And one of
the things that Jon Postel did, some would say quite wisely, others
would say for lack of any better alternative, but was he found a
table created by an authoritative body that allowed him, as the
Internet coordinator, to delegate a highly toxic political question
to another organization that was better equipped and better able to
handle it.
And when I look at some of the issues and the problems that ICANN
is confronting right now, it’s clear to me that there is a profound
kernel of wisdom in that.
There are no easy answers for how to delegate a problem like who
should run dot Muslim or dot Islam or dot Kashmir or dot Tibet, who
should run dot Jesus or pick your religious, ethnic, cultural, or
controversial name. Nevertheless, the idea that the technical
coordinating organization should be as modest as possible and as
deferential as possible to the institutions that have been
constituted and developed to solve these kinds of questions over
hundreds of years, seems profoundly wise to me.
And I think about that because in some sense, a way to think about
the challenge for ICANN today is whether this room of people and all
of the thousands who participate in the ICANN processes on-line can
come up with an answer that’s as good as what this one man figured
out sitting alone in that paper-filled office at the University of
Southern California some years ago.
And so with that, I’m going to close and just say it’s really nice
to be back here. I hope to see as many old friends as I can. Thank
you to Rod and to Peter for the invitation to be here. And as maybe
not a dinosaur but maybe more like a Neanderthal man of ICANN, you
know, kind of unsuccessful evolutionary branch that’s now extinct,
I’d like to say to everybody in this room, congratulations on all the
hard work you’ve done. For all of the reasons that I just said, the
work of this organization, this community, is of fundamental
importance to allow the world to realize the potential, the
democratizing, decentralizing, individual empowering potential of the
Internet and however irritated you may get with one another, however
frustrated you may get, I hope you all will continue to retire for
the lobbies for the beers that will lubricate this process because it
is so fundamentally important that you get it right. Thank you.